Friday, December 4, 2020

DOS Attack (Denial Of Service)

 https://www.cloudflare.com/learning/ddos/what-is-a-ddos-attack/

A distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack is a malicious attempt to disrupt the normal traffic of a targeted server, service or network by overwhelming the target or its surrounding infrastructure with a flood of Internet traffic


From a high level, a DDoS attack is like an unexpected traffic jam clogging up the highway, preventing regular traffic from arriving at its destination.


Thursday, November 5, 2020

Red Zone - Stack Frame (x86-64)

 https://devblogs.microsoft.com/oldnewthing/20190111-00/?p=100685

https://eli.thegreenplace.net/2011/09/06/stack-frame-layout-on-x86-64






Kernel Threads

  • kthreadd (pid = 2) created by kernel (pid = 0) during boot
  • kthreadd helps in creating other kernel threads which are required to run periodically/asynchronously
  • "ps" shows kernel threads
  • Everything under [square bracket] are kernel threads

sw0:FID128:root> ps -eaf
UID        PID  PPID  C STIME TTY          TIME CMD
root         1     0  0 01:21 ?        00:00:00 init [5]
root         2     0  0 01:21 ?        00:00:00 [kthreadd]
root         3     2  0 01:21 ?        00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
root         4     2  0 01:21 ?        00:00:00 [kworker/0:0]

  • All calls from user-space to create a new process (including "create_thread" in kthreadd), will end up in do_fork call which internally calls copy_process

Thursday, August 27, 2020

Thursday, May 28, 2020

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

https://classroom.udacity.com/courses/ud001/lessons/7473321627/concepts/74276264120923

CSS Tricks: https://css-tricks.com/almanac/

CSS: how the content should look in the webpage (layouts, colors etc)
HTML: the actual contents
[Without CSS, HTML allows basic formatting such as bold, italic etc, but nothing more. To use various layouts, use CSS]
NOTE: without CSS, browser also can apply default styling settings.
Youtube without CSS is something that would look like when the internet connection is slow.


  • CSS has rule-sets.
  • And a rule-set is nothing but rules on how to render the tags
  • For ex: div : {color: blue} => would mean, render everything under 'division' in body in blue color
  • Hence it has 2 parts: tags and the declarations. 
  • CSS rule-sets are written inside <style></style> tags inside <head> tags
  • Comments inside CSS is same as C or C++: /* CSS comments */
  • NOTE: Comments inside html is different <!-- comment here -->
  • attributes and classes:
    • p { colors: red }; => will change all the paragraph colors to red.
    • but if we want to change a particular paragraph (id) or a group of paragraphs (classes) to a color, we need id and classes.
    • while declaring a tag in <body> include the id (id is similar to a variable in C) or classes (group of tags marked to apply a particular setting)
    • <p id="site-description">check out my site description</p>
    • <p class="book-summary another-class">Algorithms</p>
      • NOTE: an html tag can belong to multiple classes (multiple groups/selectors)
    • And in CSS styles, 
      • <style>
        • .book-summary { => classes starts with '.'
          • colors:red
          • }
        • #site-description { => id (variables/attributes) starts with #
          • colors:pink;
          • }
  • Colors:
    • .sidebars {
      • color: rgb(0, 0, 225) => blue
      • color: blue => blue
      • color: #0000ff => blue
      • color: #00f => blue (short-hand representation of 0000ff)
  • Selectors:

HTML tags (trees)


  1. Each page should contain: head + body
  2. head elements are not displayed; mainly used for title, references, meta-data, CSS-styles etc
  3. Body elements are displayed.
  4. Each page should have only one body
  5. Inside body we can have: divisions, header strings, links, images, buttons, paragraphs, sub-strings, super-strings, spans etc.
  • divisions: <div></div>: Inside divisions, you can organize header strings, buttons etc. A body can have multiple divisions
  • header strings: <h1-6> </h1-6>: h1 is the highest
  • links: <a href="https://www.gmail.com">GMAIL</a>: a means anchor here
  • images: <img src="https://page-containing-image" alt="some description"> [NOTE: images are similar to links: instead of href, we have src. But images dont have end tags </img>; hence, they are one of type called "void elements"
  • <figure>and <figcaption>=> can be used along with image to provide figure section
  • For ex: 
    • <figure>
    • <img src="local_file.jpg" alt="description">
    • <figurecaption>Caption for the image which will be displayed below the image</figurecaption>
    • </figure>
  • <em></em> => for italic
  • <strong></strong> => for bold
  • <ul><li>option1</li><li>option2</li></ul> => unordered list
  • <ol> with numbers by default
  • Comments inside html: <!-- comment here -->
  • NOTE: Comments inside CSS is same as C: /* CSS comment */
  1. sdf

Monday, October 7, 2019

Fetching Price of a product online

import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
import smtplib
import getpass

def get_price():
    ''' the url from which u need the product details '''
    URL = 'https://www.amazon.in/JBL-Splash-Proof-Portable-Wireless-Bluetooth/dp/B0125QA4IO?ref_=Oct_DLandingS_PC_a25847b7_13'
    ''' user-agent involved: search for 'my user agent' in your browser to get this info '''
    headers = {'User-Agent' : 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.80 Safari/537.36'}

    ''' get the whole page; if u print 'page' it will be nasty and big '''
    page = requests.get(URL, headers = headers)

    ''' parse the page (using html parser) '''
    soup = BeautifulSoup(page.content, 'html.parser')

    ''' find the id (aka variable) used in browser that holds product info '''
    product = soup.find(id = 'productTitle').get_text().strip()

    ''' similarly get the price '''
    price = soup.find(id = 'priceblock_ourprice').get_text().strip()
    print (product)
    print (price)

    ''' some manipulation needed to get the price in value (instead of string) '''
    converted_price = price.strip('₹').strip()
    converted_price = float(converted_price.replace(',', ''))
    print (converted_price)
    return converted_price

def send_mail(mailid, password, current_price):
    ''' get the SMTP object '''
    server = smtplib.SMTP('smtp.gmail.com', 587)

    ''' extended hello '''
    server.ehlo()

    ''' put the smtp connection in tls mode; this to get encrypted connection '''
    server.starttls()
    server.ehlo()

    ''' login using your credentials '''
    server.login(mailid, password)

    #subject = 'Hey, the price fell down to ₹ {}/-'.format(current_price).encode('utf-8')
    #subject = 'Hey, the price fell down to ₹ %s' % (str(current_price)).encode('utf-8')
    subject = 'Hey, the price fell down'
    body = 'Check the amazon link for more details: https://www.amazon.in/JBL-Splash-Proof-Portable-Wireless-Bluetooth/dp/B0125QA4IO?ref_=Oct_DLandingS_PC_a25847b7_13'    msg = f"Subject: {subject}\n\n{body}"    server.sendmail('hkumar.sekar@gmail.com', 'harish.sekar@broadcom.com', msg)

    ''' don't forget to delete the smtp object aka. close connection '''
    server.quit()

    print ("Hey, the price dropped. Mail is sent")

def main():
    mailid = input('Enter your email ID: ')
    p = getpass.getpass()
    current_price = get_price()

    if current_price < 6000:
        send_mail(mailid, p, current_price)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

PROGRAM OUTPUT:
C:\Users\hs411053\PycharmProjects\scraper\venv\Scripts\python.exe C:/Users/hs411053/PycharmProjects/scraper/scraper
Enter your email ID: hkumar.sekar@gmail.com
Password:
JBL Flip 3 Portable Wireless Speaker with Powerful Sound & Mic (Blue)
₹ 5,599.00
5599.0
Hey, the price dropped. Mail is sent

Process finished with exit code 0
And the Mail would have been sent.

Sunday, October 6, 2019

How to Print in Makefile

Source: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11775733/how-can-i-print-message-in-makefile/11776179


 15 # for TRACEGEN
 16 include $(MAKEDIR)/Tools.make
 17
 18 ifeq ($(CONFIG_SOMETHING),y)
 19 EXTRA_CFLAGS += -fsanitize=kernel-address
 20 $(info ************  TEST VERSION ************)
 21 else
 22 $(info ************  ELSE VERSION ************)
 23 endif

$(info your_text) : Information. This doesn't stop the execution.
$(warning your_text) : Warning. This shows the text as a warning.
$(error your_text) : Fatal Error. This will stop the execution.

To print a variable in Makefile:

 18 $(info $$CONFIG_VAR1 is [${CONFIG_VAR1}])
 19 $(info $$CONFIG_VAR2 is [${CONFIG_VAR2}])


Tuesday, October 1, 2019

What is the smallest integer greater than 95555 in which there will be 4 identical numbers?

Ans: 96666? nope, its 95999 :-)


Saturday, August 31, 2019

Direct Memory Access (DMA)

Reference:

If IO device (such as disk controller) needs data to be written or read from the memory, it used to to through the CPU like below.


In the above image, if IO can talk to/access memory directly, the number of cycles will reduce drastically. To achieve this direct memory access by an IO device, a special called DMA controller is needed.

Now, there are 4 components involved in DMA theory. Picture below.

YOUTUBE LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xkpu8BXi3aI









Here is how it works:
1.